Tata Consultancy Services interview pyqs with solutions. Part 3. Guaranteed Selection no doubt.

printf(“%d%d%d”,i,++i,i++);   (Tata Consultancy Services interview pyqs with solutions)

Solution:

The output of the program printf("%d%d%d",i,++i,i++); is undefined due to the use of sequence points.

Explanation:

• The ++i and i++ operations modify the value of i, but the order in which these operations are evaluated is not defined in C/C++.
• In the statement printf("%d%d%d",i,++i,i++);, the order in which the arguments i, ++i, and i++ are evaluated is unspecified, leading to unpredictable results.

The output can vary depending on the compiler and its optimization settings. Therefore, relying on such code is considered bad practice and should be avoided.

Q)In a software program, what is cyclomatic complexity? (Tata Consultancy Services interview pyqs with solutions)

Solution:

Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric used to measure the complexity of a program’s control flow. It counts the number of linearly independent paths through the program’s source code.

Key Points:

• Calculation: Cyclomatic complexity is calculated using the formula: M=E−N+2P
• where M is the cyclomatic complexity, E is the number of edges (transitions), N is the number of nodes (decision points), and P is the number of connected components (usually 1 for a single program).
• Interpretation: A higher cyclomatic complexity indicates more potential paths through the code, which can make testing and maintaining the code more difficult.
• Use: It helps in identifying complex areas in the code that may need more thorough testing or refactoring to improve maintainability.

Q)Give an instance where there was a bug that you didn’t find in black box testing but discovered in white box testing. (Tata Consultancy Services interview pyqs with solutions)

Solution: An instance could be when a specific edge case was missed during black box testing but was caught in white box testing. For example, if there was a bug in a loop that only occurs when the loop iterates a very high number of times, black box testing might not test such high iteration values. However, during white box testing, where the internal code structure is examined, the bug was discovered because the loop’s implementation was directly analyzed, revealing the issue when the loop reaches its upper boundary.

Q)What is slice splicing in software testing? What are its two types? (Tata Consultancy Services interview pyqs with solutions)

Solution:

Slice splicing in software testing refers to a technique used to isolate and analyze specific parts of the code, particularly in debugging and testing. It involves examining “slices” of code that are relevant to a particular variable or computation.

Two Types:

1. Forward Slicing:
   • Starts from a particular point in the code and includes all statements that are affected by this point.
   • Useful for understanding the impact of a variable or a computation on the rest of the program.
2. Backward Slicing:
   • Starts from a point of interest (e.g., a variable) and includes all statements that influence that point.
   • Helps in tracing the origins and dependencies of a particular value or state in the code.

Q)what is virtual function and pure virtual function? (Tata Consultancy Services interview pyqs with solutions)

Solution:

Virtual Function:
A virtual function is a function in a base class that can be overridden by derived classes. It allows for dynamic (runtime) polymorphism, enabling the correct function to be called based on the object type, even when accessed through a base class pointer or reference.

Pure Virtual Function:
A pure virtual function is a virtual function in a base class that has no implementation and must be overridden by derived classes. It’s declared by assigning 0 in the base class, making the class abstract (i.e., it cannot be instantiated).

Code-(CPP)

class Base {
public:
virtual void show() { /* code */ } // Virtual function
virtual void display() = 0; // Pure virtual function
};

Q)What are WPF and WCF? (Tata Consultancy Services interview pyqs with solutions)

Solution:

WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation):
WPF is a UI framework for building visually rich Windows desktop applications. It provides a consistent programming model for building applications with advanced graphics, animations, and data binding, using XAML (Extensible Application Markup Language) for design and C# for logic.

WCF (Windows Communication Foundation):
WCF is a framework for building service-oriented applications. It enables developers to create and consume services across different platforms, using various protocols (like HTTP, TCP, etc.). WCF supports features like security, transactions, and reliable messaging, making it suitable for distributed and networked applications.

Key Difference:
WPF is focused on the user interface, while WCF is focused on communication and services.

Q)Enlist the differences between AWT and Swing in Java. (Tata Consultancy Services interview pyqs with solutions)

Solution:

AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) vs. Swing in Java:

1. Platform Dependence:
   • AWT: Platform-dependent; uses native OS components, leading to a different look and feel on different platforms.
   • Swing: Platform-independent; provides a consistent look and feel across all platforms using lightweight components.
2. Component Hierarchy:
   • AWT: Components are heavyweight (rely on native peers).
   • Swing: Components are lightweight (rendered by Java, not the OS).
3. Look and Feel:
   • AWT: Limited to the OS’s native look and feel.
   • Swing: Offers a pluggable look and feel, allowing customization.
4. Features:
   • AWT: Basic GUI components with limited functionality.
   • Swing: Richer set of components (e.g., tables, trees, sliders), and more advanced features.
5. Performance:
   • AWT: Generally faster because it uses native components.
   • Swing: Slower due to additional abstraction and flexibility, but this is often negligible with modern hardware.
6. Event Handling:
   • AWT: Uses the event delegation model, but with fewer event-handling features.
   • Swing: More sophisticated event-handling mechanisms, with more options for customization.

Q)Explain memory leak in C++. How can you avoid it? (Tata Consultancy Services interview pyqs with solutions)

Solution:

A memory leak in C++ occurs when a program allocates memory dynamically (using new or malloc) but fails to release it (using delete or free). This unreleased memory remains occupied and is no longer accessible, leading to wasted memory and potentially causing the program to run out of memory over time.

How to Avoid Memory Leaks:

1. Always free allocated memory: Ensure that every new has a corresponding delete and every malloc has a free.
2. Use smart pointers: Utilize C++ smart pointers (std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr) which automatically manage memory and release it when no longer needed.
3. Track allocations: Maintain a clear structure of your code to track all memory allocations and deallocations.
4. Avoid raw pointers: Minimize the use of raw pointers; prefer using standard containers (like std::vector) or smart pointers.
5. Tools: Use memory profiling tools like Valgrind to detect and fix memory leaks during development.

Q)Write a program in C to swap two numbers without help of a third variable. (Tata Consultancy Services interview pyqs with solutions)

Solution: Code- (C)

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int a = 5, b = 10;

// Swap without using a third variable
a = a + b; // Step 1: a becomes 15 (5+10)
b = a – b; // Step 2: b becomes 5 (15-10)
a = a – b; // Step 3: a becomes 10 (15-5)

printf(“After swapping: a = %d, b = %d\n”, a, b);
return 0;
}

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